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#vegetation

5 posts4 participants1 post today
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💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Restoring Predators, Restoring Ecosystems: Yellowstone Wolves And Other Carnivores Drive Strong Trophic Cascade
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phys.org/news/2025-02-predator <-- shared technical article
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doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #YellowstoneNationalPark #Largecarnivores #Willows #Crownvolume #Chronosequencephotographs #Trophiccascade #strength #ecosystem #ecology #biology #biodiversity #vegetation #wolf #elk #willows #riparian #stream #water #hydrology #tree #health #foresthealth #herbivore #carnivore #reintroduction #plants #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #biomass #foodweb #predictivemodel #model #modeling #response #predators #yellowstone

photo - wolf crossing a road
schematic - trophic cascade with wolves in Yellowstone National Park
charts - The Yellowstone trophic cascade in context. Wolves were introduced into Yellowstone in 1995 and 1996. Between 2001 and 2020, estimated average willow crown volume in northern Yellowstone rose from approximately 0.30 m3 to 4.80 m3 (A; error bars indicate 95 % confidence intervals). This change corresponds to a log10 response ratio of 1.21 (B), which is substantially greater than the response ratios observed in many other studies (C). Willow crown volume was calculated using height data from Cooper and Hobbs (2023) and the crown volume model from Kauffman and Cummings (2024). Except for Yellowstone willows, average log10 ratios by system type were obtained from a trophic cascade meta-analysis of plant biomass studies (Borer et al., 2005); sample sizes are shown in parentheses; error bars represent one standard error of the mean (C).
photos - (A) Downstream view of the East Fork of Blacktail Deer Creek in August 2004 and September 2021, northern range of Yellowstone National Park, USA. Note the 2.4 m tall fenced ungulate exclosure near the bottom right of the 2004 photo with willows alongside sagebrush, which was part of a Cooper and Hobbs (2023) experimental site. In 2002, willow heights outside the newly constructed fence averaged 68 cm whereas willows inside the fence averaged 85 cm in height (25 % taller). In 2020, willow heights outside the fence averaged 165 cm while willows fully protected from ungulate herbivory inside the fence were 195 cm in height (18 % taller). The fence was constructed in 2001 and removed by the spring of 2021. The similarity, in this example, between inside and outside the exclosure in 2021 is consistent with the strong trophic cascade quantified in the full time-series dataset. (B) Upstream view of Blacktail Deer Creek in 2005 and 2021 and (C) an across channel view in 2005 and 2021 of another reach farther downstream. These chronosequence photographs should be considered examples only, but they do indicate that tall willows, with greatly increased crown volumes, had become relatively common along the valley bottom and floodplains of Blacktail Creek.
Public
💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Scaling In Branch Thickness And The Fractal Aesthetic Of Trees [In Art From Da Vinci To Mondrian]
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academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/art <-- shared paper
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[not my usual fare, but love the spatial mathematical components, although the maths is way over my head!]
#spatial #maths #mathematics #art #painting #representation #daVinci #LeonardodaVinci #MurraysLaw #tree #vegetation #fractal #fractals #α #biology #artwork #radiusscalingexponent #branches #branching #nature #naturalpatterns #proportions #physiology #Mondrian #aesthetic #aesthetics #scale #scaling

a) da Vinci’s sketch of a tree illustrates the principle that combined thickness is preserved at different stages of ramification. b) Transects A and B have the same combined thickness and so limbs a and b together must have the same thickness as c. This has been taken to imply that c) combined cross-sectional area (⁠πR²⁠) is preserved across branching. Likewise, d) such transects can count the number of branches n that have radius approximately r to derive a fractal scaling relationship. Source: (a) from Institut de France Manuscript M, p. 78v.
sketch from one of Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks illustrating his original rules of trees
The scaling exponent α (a) determines the amount of detail at a given resolution and (b) proportions among adjoining boughs.
Trees in artwork across centuries, cultures, and styles exhibit fractal scaling. a) carved stone window screen of Sidi Saiyyed Mosque, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India (1573 CE). b) Cherry Blossoms, Matsumura Goshun (1752–1811), ink on paper. c) L’Arbre de Vie (Tree of life), Gustav Klimt (1909), oil on canvas. d) data and inference of α±95% CI in two replicate measurements for each work along with simulated and living trees. Dotted vertical lines indicate the cutoff for excluding small-scale effects. Diameters from simulated and living trees are divided by this minimum value and therefore the horizontal axis is unitless.
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